The history of the Great Wall of China

The Great Wall Chinese ancient military defense project. Building the history of the world wonder. East from the Yalu River, the west Jiayuguan, through provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, nine provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, with different terrain, mountains and landscape and building, mostly built in the highest mountain, the total length of 7300 km (14600 Village) above, known as The Great Wall. Shanhaiguan from one of the Yalu River to the paragraph, because the project is relatively simple, more serious damage. Shanhaiguan Pass paragraph to the project more durable, than the preservation of integrity of customs at both ends of both East and West Town in the distance confrontation, with a length of 6700 km (13400 Village). History Beacon towers are from the Great Wall and Leh monomer, such as the building developed. The beginning of construction of the beacon towers are across each other, or continuous defensive castle, and then contact with the walls they put up, it became the Great Wall. Spring and Autumn Period, Northern hegemony of national leaders, each merger, a Chin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and several other countries. Between them for defense, the use of the original river embankments or near mountains, paragraph by paragraph and clearance to build a wall and linked to Cyprus, which constitute the Great Wall of the ancient military defense system works. However, smaller scale, are not consistent. About the 7th century BC, the earliest construction of the Great Wall of Chu. Subsequently, from the BC 6 ~ 4 century ago, Qi, Yan, Zhao and Qin, Wei, Han countries also have anti-cross the Great Wall built. 221 BC, the Qin Shi Huang and eliminate the six countries to establish a unified multi-ethnic country centralized feudal system, in order to defense the Hun intrusive, large-scale construction of the Great Wall. After the Western Han Dynasty, Eastern Han, Northern Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou, Sui, Liao, Jin, Ming generations are built by large-scale construction or the Great Wall. The history of the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty are the last dynasty, the grand scale of its construction, a complete defense organization, the use of solid materials have to go far beyond the previous dynasties. Warring States Period of the Warring States period, the Great Wall The Great Wall is the anti-feudal country among the Great Wall, a smaller scale, are not consistent. ① The Great Wall of Chu. Chu楚怀王the Great Wall was constructed on three decades before, was referred to as the "city side." According to historical speculation, the location of this Province from the north to Biyang叶县by in rural north-east of Hubei province and territory Zhushan. Chu is located in the capital of the northwest and north-east for the defense to attack neighboring countries. Qi ② The Great Wall. Qi is the use of the Great Wall Mountains dike to connect the extension by one after another, the Qi at the south, west and north-east this Pingyin County, Shandong, Jiaozhou City south to the large Chinese Shandong into the sea, the main structure has two types of earth and stone. ③ Zhongshan Great Wall. Zhongshan is the Great Wall in order to defense the southwest Zhao, Jin-built intrusion. Cho Sung-Hou built in six years (before 369). Its location at this Hebei, Shanxi border. Wei ④ the Great Wall. Wei the Great Wall are two: First, the north-west and anti-anti-Rong Chin the Great Wall (Hexi Great Wall), two are in Southern Great Wall (The Great Wall in Henan Province). WEI Hui Wang Hexi Great Wall are in office, the use of Waterinfo on the western border of the dike and the construction of the expansion of the south from this northern Shaanxi Huashan County Phase million dong. Guyang of Inner Mongolia. WEI Hui Wang later years, the construction of a beam of Southern States to protect the Great Wall, with this habitat shift southeast Henan原阳县west Xinmi Direct. The Great Wall ⑤ Korea. Han Zheng of the Great Wall built first, after the anti-Han Zheng, to continue construction of the use. ⑥ Qin Great Wall. Shang Yang Chin reform since then, in seven countries on political and military dominance, but the nomadic North East Chin Hu and楼烦, often south of harassment, thus Chin repair at its northern border from the Great Wall as a defense. Its location, in Gansu Province since this Minxian (Lintao) along the north Liupanshan go, stop黄河边. ⑦ The Great Wall of Yan. In order to prevent the North East-yan Hu, Lin Hu,楼烦such a small country south of the intrusive and preparedness Qi States in retaliation, the construction of the Yi River North and the Great Wall The Great Wall The Great Wall 2. BC 290 years, Yan has been built along the Yanshan Mountains north the Great Wall. Zhangjiakou, Hebei, since this about the northeast, crossing the ancient Liaohe Get Xiangping (this Liaoyang). This is the Warring States Period, when the Great Wall last one. Yi River is the Great Wall to the expansion of the Yi River and the dikes built and used for anti-Qi, Zhao, Yan defend both - easy Shuicheng. Largely from the southwest of Yixian, Hebei today, reaching the south of security in the text. ⑧ Zhao Great Wall. Zhao has built the south and north the Great Wall 2. One of the South, also known as the Great Wall The Great Wall Zhangweixin Fuming,赵国南at Habitat. Mainly built for the Royal Wei. Zhangzhou, Fuming Hebei water at this临漳, Cixian inside, we can see this漳水at the north shore of the Great Wall,临漳, Cixian area. 221 BC The Great Wall of the First Qin Emperor, Qin Shi Huang unified China, on the one hand, to remove the original countries of the Great Wall, to eradicate the artificial barriers; On the other hand, to resist the North's violations of the Huns, sent generals stationed in the northern border Mengtian and Chin, Yan Zhao Great Wall together to build the Great Wall. The Great Wall in Gansu this Minxian west, east to the Shaanxi黄河边Suide, high-Que from the West Loop to the Great Wall north of Zhao linked to渡黄河Shanxi, Hebei North Habitat, and then use the Great Wall north of Yan arrived liaotungensis. The construction of the Great Wall from three decades始皇(formerly 217) beginning about the end of the thirty-seven years. Han Dynasty built the Great Wall Han Great

Wall, with the exception of the military on the defensive, the western development of the Great Wall also played a Dynasty in the Western Regions, to protect the Silk Road of Central Asia the role of road transport. ① the Western Han Dynasty the Great Wall. Emperor, the Northern Xiongnu soldiers often invade hair. First of all, to resist the Huns during the renovation of the First Qin Emperor and the Great Wall the Great Wall along the Hexi Corridor, the new building.元狩two years (before 121), Hexi start building the Great Wall, known as "wall." Before and after the last 20 years. East since the Western Han Dynasty Great Wall in Hexi Yongdeng Gansu, west to Lop Nur in Xinjiang. In the "wall" along the barrier and the building烽燧booths. According to "Han Dynasty Juyan" records, there is "one of Wuli Sui, Wangsimni Pier 1, Fort三十里one, one hundred city" requirement. ② the Eastern Han Dynasty the Great Wall. Huns Liu Xiu光武帝intrusive for the defense, to defend the capital Luoyang, in Jianwu years (AD 38 years) in the Hexi area south of the Great Wall the Great Wall built four: this one of its Shanxi Lishi County southeast to Shaanxi Xianyang Between;高陵县the second is located in the east of Shanxi, Shaanxi this county between eup; its three today to Hebei, Shanxi, Taiyuan, between Jingxing; its four Hebei scheduled for today between the City临漳县south. Northern and Southern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty the Great Wall The Great Wall ①. The northern part of the Northern Wei as a defensive柔然and契丹南swept under the nuisance, the construction of the Great Wall. According to "元帝Ji Ming Wei Shu •" records: Tai-ming Chang元帝eight (423) to build the Great Wall in the south of Chang-chuan, starting from Chicheng (in Hebei Chicheng this county), west to the original five (now five original counties in Inner Mongolia), vast extension of more than 1000 kilometers. Zhenjun seven years in the Pacific (446), built "on Serbian territory around the capital Wai." The so-called plug Wai, the Great Wall are lower than some of the walls thin to fill an acute shortage of the Great Wall. East from its current level of Shanxi Guangling West Valley, through the east coast of the Yellow River, surrounded by common ground in the capital, there is Means to defend the capital. Eastern Wei ② The Great Wall. 549 AD, the Eastern Wei Ye东迁in after a period of construction of the Great Wall. This静乐县west of Shanxi, Shanxi Yuanping East so far. ③ the Northern Qi Dynasty Great Wall. Northern border in order to consolidate the northern and western defense the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Great Wall has built several large scale于秦slightly at the Great Wall. North齐天保three years (552) The Great Wall built in the northwest territory, the South from this county in Shanxi Lishi sumac ridge northwest, north west of Shuozhou in Shanxi Province. Tianbao six years, the emperor下诏, hair levy to build the Great Wall 1.8 million people, since this Pass south Beijing, Datong, Shanxi West so far. Tianbao seven years, and large-scale construction of the Great Wall, with the exception of Tianbao three to six years by two of the Great Wall built, the new building the Great Wall and the east, the coast has only Shanhaiguan. Tianbao eight years, in re-building the Great Wall in the city, since this Shanxi Pianguan Old Ying near east, the east longitude Yanmenguan, Pingxingguan, Shanxi Get near Shimonoseki. Northern Zhou Dynasty for defense, AD 563, the construction of the齐武成帝 This Shanxi, Hebei Taihang Mountains at the junction to the north and south along the Great Wall, the Great Wall between Fuping ie. EC-day year (565), built on the Mary Rose by eight years to carry out repairs within the Great Wall and built by Metro, from the vicinity of Shimonoseki, the East Pass of the Great Wall and outside the co-phase. The Great Wall of Qi before and after the construction of 1500 km, about 30 km for a garrison, and strategically located and difficult州镇25 place settings for defensive troops. ④ the Northern Zhou Dynasty the Great Wall. Northern Turkic for defense, while committing Qidan, Zhou Jing Di in 579 AD, the Great Wall to the original Northern Qi Dynasty carried out a large-scale construction of the West since雁门, jieshi east. Sui Dynasty the Great Wall in order to harass the Turkish defense, Sui Dynasty built the Great Wall 7. The Great Wall was mainly carried out in the original repair, new construction of small. After the Tang Dynasty replaced the Sui, Tang strong break in the northern Turks, at the border is far beyond the Great Wall, Great Wall has lost a role, or by the need to build to build. Although the Song Dynasty unified the Central Plains, but there is the northern part of Liaoning, the confrontation, under the jurisdiction of the original scope of Qin, Han and Northern Dynasties in the south of the Great Wall, the Great Wall north and south are many places Liao, Jin occupation between the two countries. Song forces retreated after South of the Yangtze River, the Great Wall built more than talk. Of the Liao Dynasty built the Great Wall, only a four-year-ching-ling (1058) in ducks Jiang River and confused between the construction of a scale not. The Great Wall Jin Dynasty set up the year 1115 after the annuity for the defense to attack the north-west border of the Mongols, the construction of the Metro Mingchang Mingchang the old city and the Great Wall 2. Mingchang兀术formerly known as the Great Wall in the Old City or Fort Jinyuan edge. According to "Chi Heilongjiang Province" records, Hulun County, North, South, river root, there is the North East Wulanhada Bao, Latour coastal mountains, North West discount to make the river water. Metro Mingchang Mingchang at the south of the old city, within the Great Wall, also known as Kim, the trench cutting, such as side fort. Loop west of the Yellow River in Shaanxi Province today, the east, the Songhua River in Heilongjiang Province today. Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian rule in China as a whole, across the Eurasian territory, the Great Wall for their significance is rather limited. However, in order to prevent the Han and other raised an army against the people of all ethnic groups to examine the past, merchants, and much of the original pass of the Great Wall strategically located and difficult to repair Office, established to guard soldiers. The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty after eradication, in order to prevent re-Mongolian south, has never been interrupted for more than 200 years in the construction of the Great Wall. Most are along the Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty by the old building to build the Great Wall. Modern people to see the Great Wall, the vast majority are prescribed by Koji repair period. Pass out the Great Wall from the west, north and south two hours to nearby Shanxi Pianguan Old Ying consistency, known as the inside and outside, or the Great Wall, the Great Wall outside. Village of the Great Wall from the Southwest Pass, with access to Shanxi to Hebei this Old Ying. Pass outside the north-west from the Great Wall, entered Shanxi, along the Inner Mongolia, Shanxi Province to the south at the junction of the side clearance, bend. Pass the Great Wall, a lot of risk population, one of Pass, but Maguan, around when紫荆关 When the capital of Beijing, known as the Customs within three; since the Yanmenguan west, Ningwu clearance, outside the three偏头said customs clearance. Both inside and outside the customs are three important points to defend the capital, often heavily guarded camp. Qing Ming out later, because of political and military development of the strategy has changed the rule to take "Huairou" policy, the use of religion to draw Mongolian, Tibetan kings and nobles of all ethnic groups in the upper, the idea of military rule in place of defense, not to build the Great Wall. Throughout the history of the Great Wall, since the since the Spring and Autumn, with the exception of the rule of the Han Dynasty the construction of the Great Wall Group, China set up by other peoples of the dynasty, such as the Northern Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou, Liao, Jin dynasties such as the Great Wall have also been revised. Mongolia is a nation ruled by the Yuan Dynasty also pass on some of the Great Wall, the use of beacon towers for maintenance. The Great Wall of China are the people of all ethnic groups work together to create the historical monument. Beijing Mutianyu Great Wall Building the Great Wall as a defensive structure works, mainly by the pass, wall, beacon towers 3 parts. Pass pass along the Great Wall are important unmanning base selection at many locations access to the Great Wall along the throat. Pass the entire structure, generally a square or polygon crossing walls, gate, gate building, the composition of瓮城. Some have city and moat. ① walls. The main works are The Great Wall, especially strong, both inside and outside the canopy with many giant brick wall, stone articles, such as packet block filled with loess, gravel and a high of about 10 meters in general.顶宽4 ~ 5 meters, have the upper and lower walls and staircase Road Horse Road. In the walls for外檐Tzu has built up and shooting the垛口look, there is built into the wall canopy of about one meter high building of many walls (or wall female), not to protect people from falling墙顶. ② gate. Points are out of the normal channels, are against the enemy in wartime exports. Interior door has a huge double-leaf doors equipped with inside door latch and lock ring. ③ Shing House. Shing Mun has the top floor, are built, which is fighting the observation and command posts, Is also a stronghold of fighting. Shing House for one, two or three wooden structures and buildings砖木结构. ④瓮城. Are expected at the main direction of the enemy outside the city, and then create a "П"-shaped wall to form two walls, and its role is to increase the depth of defense, strengthen the defense capability of the gate. ⑤ city. Are expected at the main direction of the enemy outside the瓮城, and then work together to build a "П"-shaped wall, it is relatively long, with the exception of瓮城to cover, but also within the city walls of the cover of the lot longer. On the walls in the city, the general also has a tower for observation of the enemy, combat command. Walls at both ends, there is Arrow Building built to enhance the look and patrol Tzu. ⑥ moat. In general have a moat around Chengguan for clearance and City line of defense. It is a fortification of earth excavation formed, and later re-introduction of river water. Walls are walls雄关contact, pass, the enemy of bonds and other Units. An average of about 7 to 8 meters, in places a steep hill, the walls is relatively low. The walls are the enemy's main defense, the average width of the base wall 6.5 meters, 5.8 meters wide at the top, under the section on small trapezoidal taisei to the collapse of stability is not easy. Wall structure, according to the local natural conditions, the main version has built rammed earth walls,垒砌adobe walls, brick walls, brick mixed砌墙, stone walls and wood垒砌prepared Mucha walls, wooden walls. In addition to the walls of the main wall, the above facilities have much structure. ① Door coupons. In the side walls at one side, there is a near every brick or stone archway into a circular door that coupon. Mennea coupons have brick or stone walls on top of the pass, which can Shoucheng soldiers up and down. ②垛口. Outside of the city at the top迎敌direction, there is repair of about 2 meters high profile垛口(ie, tooth). The upper part of each垛口I have a small hope that I called Tzu, Tzu used to look to who the enemy;垛口the lower part there is one small hole, called the shooting eye to enemy fire. ③ City Units. On every wall at 200 ~ 300 meters above the building has a one meter wall around the top of the table, highlight in the direction of迎敌outside wall. Lateral block has垛口wartime height, frame shot from the flank wall of the enemy boarding ladder. Units in accordance with the city uses to build the case into the wall and the enemy Units Units. Units of the wall with the wall surface is not bad at the top level, only protruding part of the wall, the outer block has垛口is normal sentry patrolling the city on the守兵place. Stage there is shelter to build simple housing, call Housing Shop. Units that is the enemy of the pier fence higher than the walls above, there is two or three. Cheng士卒can be inside, and store weapons, ammunition. Badaling Department at many of the enemy's upper and lower levels of Units, the lower will be living in a dozen士卒, surrounded by a window for observation and shooting, may have a wooden staircase to the roof boarding, the roof of the ground formation, the surrounding wall has垛口for Tzu Point and shoot. In addition, the walls have drains on the wall to exclude water at the top of the walls in order to protect the walls. Beacon towers, also known as beacon towers烽燧, mound for beacon-fung, fung Units, Yandun, Piers, wolf Yantai, kiosks, etc. Sui. Is the use of war, the flue gas to pass military intelligence building. Such as the event of the enemy, burning smoke during the day (also flying the flag, out rat-tat-tat, blasting), night 燃火between (or on Lantern). Beacon towers are usually set at the Great Wall and outside the most vulnerable of the top of the hill waiting till Tzu usually earth or stone into a separate high-profile, there is a table on fire watch cigarette set fire to houses and equipment, have the following table guarded residence士卒housing and羊马circle, such as warehouse building. City, Fort barrier mound for beacon project at the Great Wall defense system, some have linked to the Great Wall City, Fort barrier mound for beacon and other buildings. Most of the buildings at the Great Wall and outside the building for use兵卒living and defensive. Referred to the city here, " Rather than state, county, the county seat, but rather associated with the Great Wall of defensive architecture, the city is not a large gap between the city and the city ranging from tens of years. "Barrier" is a small town. Say on a number of ancient town are the mountains. "Impaired" and "city" is the difference between "city" of large and small, "city" there are those who are living, and "impaired" only the officers and men to live, not residents, the size and form of barrier compared unity. City and there is also visually impaired that combines both live士卒and residents. "Mound for beacon" that is, further, also referred to as the "scout" is used to watch the building of a structure relatively simple, often with the kiosk (beacon) with the use of, often, "Ting-designate," said. Ming Dynasty, the "Fort" and the Han Dynasty City "City-impaired" is similar to, but also for the garrison, "fort" around the walls there is often, also known as the Castle. Some have堡内beacon towers, and also have residents live. Out of the city along the Great Wall and many points combined in order to plug and fight against enemy invasion. The Great Wall defense system there is the backbone of the entire layout, there is a branch of the establishment of a number of obstacles along the route, fort, the enemy units, beacon towers and so on different levels, different forms and different functions of buildings, constitute a complete defense system. This system each have a small base for the military and the administration through the layers of the central government agencies and associated institutions. From the defense point of view, is usually put into some defense area along the Great Wall. Period of the First Qin Emperor, at the Great Wall on the establishment of Longxi along the north and上郡, nine original, clouds,雁门,代郡, Upper Valley,渔阳right Beiping, western Liaoning, liaotungensis 12 counties to the jurisdiction of the various places along the Great Wall to carry out sub-defense. In order to facilitate the of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall along the defensive, defensive divided into nine sections, known as the "Nine", located on each side guard (总兵official), that is, liaotungensis, thistle, Sun House, Datong, Taiyuan,延绥, Ningxia, Guyuan, Gansu nine towns, it means that a city of nine halves. Outside the town of Nine IX, in order to strengthen the defense and protection of the capital Mausoleum (next Shisanling) is necessary, in the three decades Jiajing (1551) in the northwest of Beijing and really set up a capital town of Chang-jin, a total of eleven the town, which constitute nine defensive side of the layout of the town of eleven. Significance of the Great Wall built more than 2,000 years ago, has been lost on the role of defense, but still stand tall, show a long history of the Chinese nation, reflecting the ancient Chinese works of the great technological achievements of the working people of all ethnic groups in ancient China's strong determination and wisdom, reflecting the formation of China since ancient times the idea of active defense strategy. In addition, the history of the Great Wall as a benchmark for study areas along the Great Wall and natural changes in the natural environment provide a reference case.工程浩大the Great Wall, the grand scale, reflects the great spirit of the Chinese nation is a symbol of Chinese ancient culture. After finishing the ancient Great Wall, the section as a lot of tourist attractions. Shanhaiguan, Badaling and Jiayuguan City in paragraph 3 of the Director in 1961 was designated as China's key units to be protected. Has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.